Mitochondria form a complex, interconnected network within cells that continually changes and adapts to meet the energy demands of the various cellular compartments 1, 2, 3. Our method is easy to implement and will be of interest to researchers working in the field of brain bioenergetics and brain diseases. Using this method, we present experimental results which show that a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, often referred to as concussion) causes differential mitochondrial responses within these hippocampal subfields and the corpus callosum, novel findings that would have been difficult to obtain using traditional mitochondrial isolation methods. We demonstrate that our method can be used to measure mitochondrial respiration in anatomically defined subfields within the rat hippocampus. We describe the procedures for maintaining tissue viability prior to performing the biopsy punches, as well as provide guidance for optimizing punch size and the drug doses needed to assess various aspects of mitochondrial respiration. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed and optimized a method to measure mitochondrial function in brain tissue biopsy punches excised from anatomically defined brain structures, including white matter tracts. Typically, mitochondrial function is assessed following their isolation from relatively large amounts of starting tissue, making it difficult to ascertain energy production/failure in small anatomical locations. Different brain structures subserve distinct neurological functions, and therefore have different energy production/consumption requirements. Please contact your local retailer for local availability and prices.The survival and function of brain cells requires uninterrupted ATP synthesis. Some vehicles are shown with optional equipment and retailer-fit accessories that may not be available in all markets. The information, specification, engines and colours on this website are based on European specification and may vary from market to market and are subject to change without notice. Some features may vary between optional and standard for different model years. Please refer to the car configurator and additionally consult your local Retailer for detailed 22MY specifications and do not base an order on website imagery alone. Jaguar Land Rover Limited is constantly seeking ways to improve the specification, design and production of its vehicles, parts and accessories and alterations take place continually, and we reserve the right to change without notice. Some features on images may vary between optional and standard for different model years and due to the impact of Covid-19, many of our images have not been updated to reflect 22MY specifications. The fuel consumption figures provided are as a result of official manufacturer's tests in accordance with EU legislation.Ī vehicle's actual fuel consumption may differ from that achieved in such tests and these figures are for comparative purposes only. Please refer to your retailer for more detail when placing your order. Customer deliveries of Plug-in Hybrid models will begin in Spring 2021. Please refer to your retailer for more detail when placing your order.Īll derivatives of E-PACE are available to order now.
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